2022-02-21

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Over the millennia, every region on Earth has developed its own successful agricultural ecosystem from flat fields of grain and mountainside rice terraces to coastal fish farms and goat herding. Today, we’re going to break down agricultural systems into three scales: subsistence, small-scale, and industrial agriculture. And we’ll take a look at how a place's history plays a huge role in the system we see today as we follow the story of agriculture in the Philippines.

SOURCES

Philippines

Davila, F. (2018). Human Ecology and Food Systems: Insights from the Philippines. Human Ecology Review, 24(1), 23–50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26506660

Theresa Ventura. (2016). From Small Farms to Progressive Plantations: The Trajectory of Land Reform in the American Colonial Philippines, 1900–1916. Agricultural History, 90(4), 459–483. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3098/ah.2016.090.4.459

The development and agriculture paradigms transformed: Reflections from the small-scale organic rice fields of the Philippines Robin Broad &

John Cavanagh https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2012.722082  

Colonial history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines

asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-philippines-an-overview-of-the-colonial-era/

Agribusiness

http://asianfarmers.org/afaresearches0876dlsj/2009-09-agribusiness.pdf

https://ifranchise.ph/multinational-companies/

Age of Farmers

https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol149no2/aging_filipino_rice_farmers_.pdf

https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/191635/declining-farmer-population

Land Tenure

https://cadasta.org/resources/white-papers/strengthening-land-tenure-informal-ettings/

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/3/28/asian-rice-crisis-starts-to-bite

https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/12/30/growing-pains-southeast-asian-farmers-need-cheaper-agritech

Climate Change

https://theconversation.com/in-philippines-climate-change-and-conflict-both-conspire-against-rural-women-77729

https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/a-staple-food-to-withstand-disaster/

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-45828150

https://www.irri.org/climate-change-ready-rice

Agroecology

Altieri, M.A., Funes-Monzote, F.R. & Petersen, P. Agroecologically efficient agricultural systems for smallholder farmers: contributions to food sovereignty. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 32, 1–13 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0065-6 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13593-011-0065-6#citeas

http://safsc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Agroecology-small-farms-and-food-sovereignty.pdf

Agroecology – writ large; https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-5449-2_1#Abs1

Eric Holt-Giménez & Miguel A. Altieri (2013) Agroecology, Food Sovereignty, and the New Green Revolution, Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37:1, 90-102, DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2012.716388

http://safsc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Agroecology-small-farms-and-food-sovereignty.pdf

Water Footprint

https://foodprint.org/issues/the-water-footprint-of-food/

https://www.fao.org/3/ap527e/ap527e.pdf

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