2022-01-31

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Today we’re going to discuss what it means for a place to be “developed”. Development is often associated with economic success — that is countries with higher standards of living and material wealth like those found in Europe and North America. But as we’ll see, this perspective is only one way to compare countries on the global stage, has strong ties to colonialist histories, and doesn’t necessarily capture a place’s environmental and socioeconomic sustainability or even the population’s general happiness. We’ll focus on the region in the Middle East and North Africa, called MENA, and examine how the histories of the United Arab Emirates and Lebanon have resulted in drastically different development scores.

[Sources]

General

Getis, Bjelland, and Getis. Introduction to Geography, 15 ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2017. ISBN: 978-1-259-57000-1

Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, eds. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Willey-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-4051-3288-6

For a free and open source option for Intro to Human Geography, see: https://humangeography.pressbooks.com/

For a free and open source option for World Regional Geography, see: https://worldgeography.pressbooks.com/front-matter/introduction/

Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam: 2020 edition. The Princeton Review.

Human development Indices

https://worldhappiness.report/faq/

https://www.academia.edu/33199038/The_History_of_Gross_National_Happiness

http://www.gnh.institute/gross-national-happiness-research-library/history-of-happiness-science-who-is-who-happiness-leaders-pioneers.htm

http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2020_overview_english.pdf

UAE Sources

https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/#economy (lists 30% of economy as oil and gas)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates

Lebanon Sources

https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#economy

https://theconversation.com/lebanon-one-year-after-beirut-explosion-failing-state-struggles-amid-poverty-and-sectarianism-165543 “actually existing neoliberalism”

https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lebanon/publication/lebanon-reform-recovery-reconstruction-framework-3rf

World Bank, IMF, and GDP Charts

https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf

https://thearabweekly.com/six-decades-after-independence-middle-east-

still-looking-growth-model

https://blogs.worldbank.org/arabvoices/shifting-development-paradigm-

middle-east-and-north-africa

https://www.salon.com/2016/05/31/wrong_all_along_neoliberal_imf_admits_neoliberalism_fuels_inequality_and_hurts_growth/

China, Belt and Road

https://theconversation.com/is-the-resource-curse-hard-baked-into-african-economies-chinas-approach-hints-that-it-may-not-be-167397 el)

First/Third World

https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/first_world.htm

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-first-second-and-third-world-countries-origin-of-concept-and-present-beliefs.html

#CrashCourse #Geography #Development

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