2021-11-12

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During the Red Summer of 1919 violence against Black people broke out across the United States. Black people and neighborhoods were attacked in Washington DC, Chicago, Tulsa, and many other cities and towns across the country. Post-war tension over jobs and civil rights and population shifts like the Great Migration led white Americans to lash out.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

SOURCES:

Adrianne Lentz-Smith, Freedom Struggles: African Americans & World War I. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.

Balto, Simon, Occupied Territory: Policing Black Chicago from Red Summer to Black Power. The University of North Carolina Press, 2019.

David Krugler, 1919, The Year of Racial Violence: How African Americans Fought Back. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Chad Williams, Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.

Chad Williams, “Vanguards of the New Negro: African American Veterans and Post-World War I Racial Militancy” The Journal of African American History 92, no. 3 (2007): 347-70.

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